When oedema appears, pregnant women should pay attention to the following:

1. Edema light food to eat, don’t eat salty food, daily intake of salt in 5-6 grams. Especially not eat more pickle, pickles, in order to prevent edema heavier.

2. Eating large amounts of protein. Edema of the pregnant women, especially by malnutrition cause oedema of pregnant women, every day to make sure eating animals, birds, meat, fish, shrimp, eggs, milk and soy animal figurines food such as food. This kind of food contains the rich high quality protein.

3. Eat more vegetables and fruits, especially wax gourd, watermelons and other fruit, contains rich potassium and cannot be the body quickly use of fructose, can reduce the moisture inside body, diuresis detoxification function, to prevent and reduce pregnancy bloated with good results.

4. Pay attention to rest, stand too long, walking a long time, will increase the swelling of body.

5. Raise your legs, can alleviate acid bilges.

Finally also remind is, if weight within 1 week, add 1 catty likely is more than the recessive edema, also want to attract attention.

Bosom double tire, one intake of nutrients to satisfy the need of two fetus during pregnancy, especially the fetus stage of rapid development, needed nutrients amount is larger, reasonable requests comprehensively. Otherwise due to the twin pregnancy when pregnant blood volume increased more than the single child, pregnant women are likely to happen anemia.

2 and earnest timely completes antenatal examination

Clinically bosom double child, easy to merge pregnancy poisoning disease, premature birth, anemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome,  especially third-trimester easy happening acute , tire premature rupture of membrane, pre-liquid placenta etc. Regular antenatal examination allows early found not normally, timely give treatment, avoid accident happening.

3, avoid premature

Two fetuses while in the womb growth, can make the uterus excessive dilation, uterine difficult to spin to adapt to the double degree of excessive growth womb, prematurity are common, especially in do not pay attention to rest.

4, prevention and cure anemia

Pregnant women have commonly physiologic anemia, in twin pregnancies when more outstanding. Contain iron more animal food such as pork liver and other animal innards, cabbage, celery, etc in vegetables can feed more.

5, pay attention to rest early hospitalization and pub

In at 30 weeks after you need more rest in bed, this to relieve pressure symptoms, increase the uterus increases blood flow, fetal weight and prevent preterm births has profit.

1. Cause of female infertility causes

(1) vulva vagina causes of infertility:

① vaginal inflammation: There trichomonas vaginitis and fungal vaginitis, the light does not affect the pregnancy, in severe cases there is a large number of leukocyte depletion of energy substances in semen, sperm activity decreased, shortening the survival time, or even swallow sperm and affect fertilization.

② vulva, vaginal dysplasia: include true hermaphroditism hermaphroditism and pseudohermaphroditism, testicular feminization of the latter, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, ovarian and other masculine.

Hymen dysplasia: imperforate hymen, hymen so hard.

Vaginal dysplasia: congenital complete or partial vaginal atresia, double vagina or vaginal septum.

③ scar stenosis: the formation of adhesions after injury vaginal scar stenosis affect the sperm into the cervix and affect fertilization.

(2) causes cervical infertility: sperm into the uterine cervix is the way, the amount and nature of cervical mucus can affect sperm into the uterine cavity.

① cervical inflammation: severe cervical canal increased purulent vaginal discharge, sticky, affecting sperm penetration.

② cervical dysplasia: congenital cervical stenosis or atresia, the light excluded poor blood through decreased, dysmenorrhea, may be complicated by endometriosis. Cervical dysplasia, slender, affecting sperm through; cervical mucous gland secretion is inadequate dysplasia.

③ cervical neoplasm: cervical polyps, cervical fibroids blocking cervical affect fertilization.

(3) uterine factor infertility caused by:

① uterine cancer: endometrial cancer, infertility caused by endometrial hyperplasia patients with the majority of infertility, uterine fibroids can affect fertility, fibroids can cause submucosal pregnancy after infertility or miscarriage.

② uterine congenital anomalies: uterine abnormalities such as congenital absence of uterus, rudimentary horn, bicornuate uterus, septate uterus, all affected pregnancy.

③ endometrial abnormalities: endometritis, endometrial tuberculosis, endometrial polyps, endometrial adhesions or endometrial secretion and poor response to impact of fertilized egg implantation.

(4) tubal causes of infertility: fallopian tube sperm with delivery, pick up eggs and the eggs transported to the uterine cavity function. Tubal disease is the most common factor infertility, tubal function of any factors that affect the impact of fertilization.

① salpingitis: salpingitis can cause adhesions or distal lumen obstruction, tubal adhesions with surrounding tissues affect peristalsis and infertility. Fallopian tube fallopian tube stiffness caused by tuberculosis, fistula, etc..

② tubal dysplasia: impact of tubal peristalsis dysplasia, is not conducive to delivery of sperm, eggs and fertilized eggs are prone to ectopic pregnancy; over slender distorting effects of congenital tubal sperm or egg run.

③ around tubal disease: A multi-endometriosis, ectopic endometrium to form nodules in the fallopian tubes or pelvic adhesions tubal ectopic endometrium caused.

(5) infertility caused by ovarian factors:

① Ovarian dysplasia: ovary, ovarian development and ovarian hypoplasia not.

② luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome (luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome, LUFS): Brosen guess LUFS pathogenesis of endometriosis is one of the factors, based on LUFS were not as follicle rupture, ascites in 17-β estradiol and progesterone ketone is less than normal, loss of ectopic endometrial cell proliferation in force, ovarian anovulation.

③ endometriosis: the traditional view that endometriosis shall exceed uterine endometrial range (not including the myometrium) and external growth. As with the growth of endometrial tissue function appears in the mucosa lining the uterine cavity than other parts of the body, known as endometriosis (endometriosis). Endometriosis and infertility between Tianjin and Shanghai, according to two reports, patients with endometriosis primary infertility and 41.5% to 43.3%, 46.6% secondary infertility 47.3%, while the normal rate of 15% of the population infertile. Severe adhesions caused by endometriosis, affecting ovarian function, prevent egg maturation and release.

④ inadequate luteal function: Ectopic secretion of patients with inadequate luteal phase affected pregnancy.

⑤ ovarian tumor.

(6) infertility caused by ovulatory disorder: cause of ovarian dysfunction Erzhi can not factor in ovulation infertility.

① systemic diseases: severe malnutrition, obesity or a diet lacking certain vitamins, especially E, A and B, can affect ovarian function; endocrine metabolic diseases such as hyperthyroidism or low adrenal hyperfunction or lower, severe diabetes, can affect ovarian function leading to infertility.

② central effects: hypothalamus – pituitary – ovarian axis disorder, caused by menstrual disorders, such as anovulatory menstruation, amenorrhea, etc.; pituitary tumor in ovarian dysfunction Erzhi infertility; mental factors such as excessive stress, anxiety on the hypothalamus – pituitary – ovarian axis may affect, inhibit ovulation.

③ ovary factors: congenital ovarian hypoplasia, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, functional ovarian tumors, such as particles – theca cell tumor, neuroblastoma and other testicular effects ovulation; ovarian endometriosis is not only destruction of ovarian tissue, and can cause severe pelvic adhesions Erzhi infertility organization.

2. Lead to male factor infertility
Main obstacles to spermatogenesis and insemination. External genitalia, and semen should be held in check, clear whether the abnormality.

(1) semen abnormalities: the absence of too few sperm or sperm count, decreased activity, abnormal shape.

The factors affecting sperm production:

① congenital abnormalities: Klinefelter’s can not produce sperm; bilateral cryptorchidism led to the seminiferous tubular atrophy, impede sperm production.

② systemic factors: chronic wasting disease, such as long-term malnutrition, chronic intoxication (smoking, alcohol), psychological stress may affect sperm production.

③ local reasons: mumps orchitis leading to testicular atrophy complicated; testicular damage testes tuberculosis; varicocele sometimes affect sperm quality.

(2) immune factors: sperm and seminal plasma in the body produce antibodies against their own sperm can cause male infertility, sperm injection self-aggregation can not occur through the cervical mucus.

(3) disruption of sperm transport: can tuberculosis epididymis and vas deferens vas deferens obstruction, obstruction of sperm through; impotence, premature ejaculation can not make sperm into the female vagina.

(4) Sexual Dysfunction: external genital dysplasia or impotence caused by sexual difficulties.

(5) endocrine dysfunction: male endocrine by the hypothalamus – pituitary – testicular axis adjustment. Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal dysfunction may affect sperm production and cause infertility.

3. Male and female infertility caused by common factors

(1) lack of basic knowledge of sex life.

(2), hope both men and women eager child caused by psychological stress.

(3) immune factors: immune factors in recent years that there are two types of immunity affects pregnancy.

① the same kind of immunity: sperm, semen, or fertilized egg is antigenic material, is absorbed by the vagina and endometrium, antibody material produced by the immune response to sperm and eggs or fertilized egg can not be combined with implantation.

② autoimmunity: that there is transparency in infertile women with serum autoantibodies, and the zona pellucida sperm penetrate the egg to prevent the reaction, thus preventing fertilization.

4. Other factors that affect pregnancy
General factors affecting pregnancy is ruled out reproductive system abnormalities or organic disease of reproductive system affect fertility, as well as the following factors can affect fertility.

(1) Nutrition: Nutrition and reproductive function of close, it was reported in the literature, marriage, severe malnutrition, anemia, weight loss and the economic backwardness of women living in poor areas of low fertility or infertility. But the other extreme is the nutrition that obesity also can cause gonadal dysfunction, infertility or reduced fertility.

(2) Age: male fertility age of 24, most 25 years, female 21 to 24 years old. According to some scholars to statistics, both male and female fertility before the age of 35 no significant differences in reproductive capacity after 35 years of age decreased, the incidence of infertility may be increased to 31.8% after 40 years of infertility up to 70% to pregnancy after the age of 45 seldom.

(3) psychological factors: Some studies have found that psychological stress or excessive worry, anxiety, mood disorder caused by women, and various mental disorders, followed by the neuroendocrine system of the hypothalamus – pituitary – ovarian endocrine balance between the impact, resulting in without ovulation, and amenorrhea and infertility.

(4), trace elements and vitamins: In recent years, many scholars noted that trace elements zinc, manganese, selenium, copper and other elements, as well as vitamin E, A, C, B12, etc. and the male and female sexual function, sex hormone secretion closely related to the maintenance of these trace elements and vitamins on reproductive endocrine function of the human body and hypothalamus – pituitary – gonadal axis play an important role in the coordination. If a serious shortage of trace elements and even vitamin deficiency can also cause infertility or reduced fertility capacity.

(5) Other aspects: male or female, if there is bad habits will affect their fertility, such as long-term smoking, drinking or contact with narcotics, toxic substances, on the fertility of men and women there are also negative effects, as well as environmental and occupational of pollution, such as noise, chemical dyes, mercury, lead, cadmium also can affect women’s fertility.

Infertility is caused by a variety of diseases and causes, so different pathogenesis.

After premature birth, abortion or cesarean section of women, physical function disorder occurs, the uterus and other organs function is not perfect, but Yields a damage, if not wait until normal body functions, in endometrial fully recovered before the rush pregnant again, is likely to lead Zi uterine rupture during pregnancy is dangerous, once again causing abortion. If it were not unexpected, as function of the female body is still in the disordered state, health is not good, so also have an impact on fetal development.

Thus, women in premature labor, abortion, cesarean section after pregnancy should not be immediate, should An Xinjing support, and after a period of convalescence after the pregnancy.

1, lactation contraception
The human body, “the king of endocrine” – pituitary is subject to “boss” of hypothalamic control. When the baby nipple sucking reflex so that when the hypothalamus is inhibited, thereby suppressing ovulation. Reduced if the baby sucking the nipple, or mothers affected by environmental change, climate change, changes in mood and sexual implications of the cerebral cortex is likely to be affected by ovulation. As ovulation earlier, in the latter period, some women may be pregnant before the next menstruation, commonly known as “dark pregnant.” According to the survey, there are 5% ~ 1O% of women breast-feeding is inexplicably pregnancy. Postpartum contraception generally use condoms and birth control ring on a suitable, should not take birth control pills, so as not to affect the nursing infant.

2, contraception, menopause
In menopausal women that their menstrual scarce, close to the menopause, there will be no chance of pregnancy to give birth control measures. However, according to Hospital, statistics show that the flow rate of all age groups in order to 4O ~ 45 years old the highest, followed by 2O ~ 24 age group. The reason for women to menopause, although ovarian failure, estrogen and progesterone secretion decreased, but the ovaries may still be ovulation, pregnancy is still possible. The data indicate that, due to unhealthy aging eggs, menopause, pregnancy, the incidence of hydatidiform mole than in women of childbearing age from 4 to 7 times higher, and many who have malignant transformation (malignant transformation of hydatidiform mole or choriocarcinoma). In this regard, women should insist on contraception, menopause, until 1 to 2 years after menopause.

3, rhythm method
Monthly in women of childbearing age 2-3 days after ovulation, conception is most likely. Of these, more than a month 2O days infertility, known as the “rhythm method”. But the “rhythm method” is not safe. Although women’s ovulation period more than in the medium term, but because of the external environment, temperature, mood, health status and other factors, can be advanced or delayed ovulation. Some women can be sexual stimulation occurs when the “additional ovulation.” For this reason, women of childbearing age or long-term use of reliable contraceptive measures as well.

Therefore, we should choose the right method of contraception to avoid pregnancy, to prevent health risk.

Because oral contraceptives is a chemical drug absorption and metabolism of its longer, and tend to the formation of residues in the body. Research shows that women dressed in uniforms contraceptives, contraceptive ingredient remaining body takes about 4-6 months to completely rule out from the body. In this period of time, even though the pill has reduced the concentration of drug ingredients, can not play a contraceptive effect, but it can harm the fetus. Such as birth control pills often contain estrogen ethinyl estradiol and acetylenic ketones drug may cause fetal mental retardation, growth retardation.

So, to prepare pregnant women should be out early to catch contraceptives, contraceptive drugs to change the physical contraception, contraception and pregnancy the last time should be taken more than six months intervals.

Pregnancy-induced hypertension would be dangerous?

Pregnancy-induced hypertension occurs early or late, can cause serious complications, and its probability of occurrence of the greater pre-eclampsia. At the same time, fetal development, obviously limited, and sometimes even fetal death. Prenatal blood pressure, high blood pressure can be found in time and “pre-eclampsia,” helpful for pregnant women.

Pregnancy-induced hypertension in pregnancy is usually 20 weeks thereafter. Blood pressure began to rise only just, but as the weeks increased blood pressure increased gradually, while also began to proteinuria. As the supply of nutrients in the uterus of fetal blood flow was significantly reduced fetal growth restriction can, amniotic fluid will be reduced. The combined pregnancy-induced hypertension, proteinuria and generalized edema in the past referred to as “preeclampsia”, now called the “Pre-eclampsia.” If high blood pressure, vasoconstriction too much and lead to brain hypoxia, dysfunction, caused by the phenomenon of large seizures of epilepsy, it is called “eclampsia.” If too much protein in urine loss of more than food intake, the blood of pregnant women there will be symptoms of protein deficiencies, the most obvious is the whole body edema.