There are many reasons the incidence of infertility factors which may cause infertility in woman, man or men and women. Factor in female infertility is caused by about 60%, male factor infertility caused by about 30% of infertility is caused by factors of the couple about 10%.
1. Cause of female infertility causes
(1) vulva vagina causes of infertility:
① vaginal inflammation: There trichomonas vaginitis and fungal vaginitis, the light does not affect the pregnancy, in severe cases there is a large number of leukocyte depletion of energy substances in semen, sperm activity decreased, shortening the survival time, or even swallow sperm and affect fertilization.
② vulva, vaginal dysplasia: include true hermaphroditism hermaphroditism and pseudohermaphroditism, testicular feminization of the latter, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, ovarian and other masculine.
Hymen dysplasia: imperforate hymen, hymen so hard.
Vaginal dysplasia: congenital complete or partial vaginal atresia, double vagina or vaginal septum.
③ scar stenosis: the formation of adhesions after injury vaginal scar stenosis affect the sperm into the cervix and affect fertilization.
(2) causes cervical infertility: sperm into the uterine cervix is the way, the amount and nature of cervical mucus can affect sperm into the uterine cavity.
① cervical inflammation: severe cervical canal increased purulent vaginal discharge, sticky, affecting sperm penetration.
② cervical dysplasia: congenital cervical stenosis or atresia, the light excluded poor blood through decreased, dysmenorrhea, may be complicated by endometriosis. Cervical dysplasia, slender, affecting sperm through; cervical mucous gland secretion is inadequate dysplasia.
③ cervical neoplasm: cervical polyps, cervical fibroids blocking cervical affect fertilization.
(3) uterine factor infertility caused by:
① uterine cancer: endometrial cancer, infertility caused by endometrial hyperplasia patients with the majority of infertility, uterine fibroids can affect fertility, fibroids can cause submucosal pregnancy after infertility or miscarriage.
② uterine congenital anomalies: uterine abnormalities such as congenital absence of uterus, rudimentary horn, bicornuate uterus, septate uterus, all affected pregnancy.
③ endometrial abnormalities: endometritis, endometrial tuberculosis, endometrial polyps, endometrial adhesions or endometrial secretion and poor response to impact of fertilized egg implantation.
(4) tubal causes of infertility: fallopian tube sperm with delivery, pick up eggs and the eggs transported to the uterine cavity function. Tubal disease is the most common factor infertility, tubal function of any factors that affect the impact of fertilization.
① salpingitis: salpingitis can cause adhesions or distal lumen obstruction, tubal adhesions with surrounding tissues affect peristalsis and infertility. Fallopian tube fallopian tube stiffness caused by tuberculosis, fistula, etc..
② tubal dysplasia: impact of tubal peristalsis dysplasia, is not conducive to delivery of sperm, eggs and fertilized eggs are prone to ectopic pregnancy; over slender distorting effects of congenital tubal sperm or egg run.
③ around tubal disease: A multi-endometriosis, ectopic endometrium to form nodules in the fallopian tubes or pelvic adhesions tubal ectopic endometrium caused.
(5) infertility caused by ovarian factors:
① Ovarian dysplasia: ovary, ovarian development and ovarian hypoplasia not.
② luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome (luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome, LUFS): Brosen guess LUFS pathogenesis of endometriosis is one of the factors, based on LUFS were not as follicle rupture, ascites in 17-β estradiol and progesterone ketone is less than normal, loss of ectopic endometrial cell proliferation in force, ovarian anovulation.
③ endometriosis: the traditional view that endometriosis shall exceed uterine endometrial range (not including the myometrium) and external growth. As with the growth of endometrial tissue function appears in the mucosa lining the uterine cavity than other parts of the body, known as endometriosis (endometriosis). Endometriosis and infertility between Tianjin and Shanghai, according to two reports, patients with endometriosis primary infertility and 41.5% to 43.3%, 46.6% secondary infertility 47.3%, while the normal rate of 15% of the population infertile. Severe adhesions caused by endometriosis, affecting ovarian function, prevent egg maturation and release.
④ inadequate luteal function: Ectopic secretion of patients with inadequate luteal phase affected pregnancy.
⑤ ovarian tumor.
(6) infertility caused by ovulatory disorder: cause of ovarian dysfunction Erzhi can not factor in ovulation infertility.
① systemic diseases: severe malnutrition, obesity or a diet lacking certain vitamins, especially E, A and B, can affect ovarian function; endocrine metabolic diseases such as hyperthyroidism or low adrenal hyperfunction or lower, severe diabetes, can affect ovarian function leading to infertility.
② central effects: hypothalamus – pituitary – ovarian axis disorder, caused by menstrual disorders, such as anovulatory menstruation, amenorrhea, etc.; pituitary tumor in ovarian dysfunction Erzhi infertility; mental factors such as excessive stress, anxiety on the hypothalamus – pituitary – ovarian axis may affect, inhibit ovulation.
③ ovary factors: congenital ovarian hypoplasia, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, functional ovarian tumors, such as particles – theca cell tumor, neuroblastoma and other testicular effects ovulation; ovarian endometriosis is not only destruction of ovarian tissue, and can cause severe pelvic adhesions Erzhi infertility organization.
2. Lead to male factor infertility
Main obstacles to spermatogenesis and insemination. External genitalia, and semen should be held in check, clear whether the abnormality.
(1) semen abnormalities: the absence of too few sperm or sperm count, decreased activity, abnormal shape.
The factors affecting sperm production:
① congenital abnormalities: Klinefelter’s can not produce sperm; bilateral cryptorchidism led to the seminiferous tubular atrophy, impede sperm production.
② systemic factors: chronic wasting disease, such as long-term malnutrition, chronic intoxication (smoking, alcohol), psychological stress may affect sperm production.
③ local reasons: mumps orchitis leading to testicular atrophy complicated; testicular damage testes tuberculosis; varicocele sometimes affect sperm quality.
(2) immune factors: sperm and seminal plasma in the body produce antibodies against their own sperm can cause male infertility, sperm injection self-aggregation can not occur through the cervical mucus.
(3) disruption of sperm transport: can tuberculosis epididymis and vas deferens vas deferens obstruction, obstruction of sperm through; impotence, premature ejaculation can not make sperm into the female vagina.
(4) Sexual Dysfunction: external genital dysplasia or impotence caused by sexual difficulties.
(5) endocrine dysfunction: male endocrine by the hypothalamus – pituitary – testicular axis adjustment. Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal dysfunction may affect sperm production and cause infertility.
3. Male and female infertility caused by common factors
(1) lack of basic knowledge of sex life.
(2), hope both men and women eager child caused by psychological stress.
(3) immune factors: immune factors in recent years that there are two types of immunity affects pregnancy.
① the same kind of immunity: sperm, semen, or fertilized egg is antigenic material, is absorbed by the vagina and endometrium, antibody material produced by the immune response to sperm and eggs or fertilized egg can not be combined with implantation.
② autoimmunity: that there is transparency in infertile women with serum autoantibodies, and the zona pellucida sperm penetrate the egg to prevent the reaction, thus preventing fertilization.
4. Other factors that affect pregnancy
General factors affecting pregnancy is ruled out reproductive system abnormalities or organic disease of reproductive system affect fertility, as well as the following factors can affect fertility.
(1) Nutrition: Nutrition and reproductive function of close, it was reported in the literature, marriage, severe malnutrition, anemia, weight loss and the economic backwardness of women living in poor areas of low fertility or infertility. But the other extreme is the nutrition that obesity also can cause gonadal dysfunction, infertility or reduced fertility.
(2) Age: male fertility age of 24, most 25 years, female 21 to 24 years old. According to some scholars to statistics, both male and female fertility before the age of 35 no significant differences in reproductive capacity after 35 years of age decreased, the incidence of infertility may be increased to 31.8% after 40 years of infertility up to 70% to pregnancy after the age of 45 seldom.
(3) psychological factors: Some studies have found that psychological stress or excessive worry, anxiety, mood disorder caused by women, and various mental disorders, followed by the neuroendocrine system of the hypothalamus – pituitary – ovarian endocrine balance between the impact, resulting in without ovulation, and amenorrhea and infertility.
(4), trace elements and vitamins: In recent years, many scholars noted that trace elements zinc, manganese, selenium, copper and other elements, as well as vitamin E, A, C, B12, etc. and the male and female sexual function, sex hormone secretion closely related to the maintenance of these trace elements and vitamins on reproductive endocrine function of the human body and hypothalamus – pituitary – gonadal axis play an important role in the coordination. If a serious shortage of trace elements and even vitamin deficiency can also cause infertility or reduced fertility capacity.
(5) Other aspects: male or female, if there is bad habits will affect their fertility, such as long-term smoking, drinking or contact with narcotics, toxic substances, on the fertility of men and women there are also negative effects, as well as environmental and occupational of pollution, such as noise, chemical dyes, mercury, lead, cadmium also can affect women’s fertility.
Infertility is caused by a variety of diseases and causes, so different pathogenesis.
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